Jyoti Bashyal 
An atom’s energy level is the amount of energy contained in its orbitals. An atom is typically made up of electrons that revolve in set orbits around its nucleus. They are not permitted to freely move and modify their random … Read more
The term “isotope” refers to one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element that share the same atomic number and position in the periodic table as well as nearly identical chemical behavior, but have different atomic … Read more
Atom is the smallest unit of matter that can be divided without releasing electrically charged particles. It is also the smallest unit of matter with the properties of a chemical element. It is the smallest constituent unit of matter that … Read more
Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry develops a set of transferable skills, including handling data, practical problem-solving, and applying the scientific method. Learners develop relevant attitudes, such as concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, integrity, inquiry, initiative, and inventiveness. … Read more
The first law of thermodynamics is one of the three fundamental laws of thermodynamics. It is derived from energy conservation but stated in a different and more useful manner for thermodynamics to include systems where heat transfer and work are … Read more
The shapes of organic molecules are best visualized using molecular models. Organic compounds have three dimensions, and the preferred spatial arrangement of the covalent bonds determines how they are shaped. The existence of double and triple bonds is explained by … Read more
Organic reactions can be better understood by summarizing the overall reaction into a series of steps known as a reaction mechanism. Organic reactions are governed by factors that are essentially the same as those that govern any chemical reaction. The … Read more
A halide ions is a negatively charged anion formed by a halogen atom. They have a (-1 ) charge. A halide is also a compound composed of a halogen atom bonded to a less electronegative species. Halide Ions include fluoride … Read more
Group 17 of the periodic table is named Halogens as they all produce sodium salts with similar properties. The chemical properties of halogens [ fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)] are summarized below. Oxidizing Properties of Halogen … Read more