Kabita Sharma 
Nanotoxicology is concerned with determining the negative consequences of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. Nanotoxicology seeks to define and identify the hazards of manufactured nanomaterials and necessitates a multidisciplinary team approach that includes toxicology, biology, chemistry, physics, material … Read more
Guillaume-François Rouelle proposed an acid-base titration in 1754 as one of the titration processes. An acid-base titration is a quantitative analysis method for determining the concentration of an acid or base by precisely neutralizing it with a known concentration standard … Read more
Titration is a typical quantitative/chemical analysis method used in laboratories to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant (analyte). The method is based on a chemical reaction between a standard solution (titrant) and an analyte solution.Titration is one of … Read more
A mixture is made up of one or more pure components with different ratios. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When compared to homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures can be visually divided into individual components. The most prevalent kind of … Read more
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) developed by Dr. Gerd Binnig and his colleagues in 1981 at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland, is the first instrument capable of directly obtaining three-dimensional (3D) images of solid surfaces with atomic resolution. … Read more
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging technique that can resolve features as small as an atomic lattice in real space. It is also commonly referred to as a scanning probe microscope (SPM). Researchers are given the ability to … Read more
J. Lederberg invented the term plasmids. Plasmids are independent self-replicating DNA molecules that exist as separate, extrachromosomal genetic components in bacteria. They are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. Plasmids are replicons. Replicons are self-replicating nucleic acid molecules. Natural plasmids have … Read more
Steam distillation is a type that is employed particularly for materials sensitive to high temperatures. It is a method that separates non-volatile contaminants from high-boiling compounds with the help of steam.It is a specific type of distillation utilized for temperature-sensitive materials … Read more
The molecular orbital theory was developed by Hund and Mulliken in 1932 and later by Lennerd Jones and Coulson. This theory is also known as the Hund-Mulliken theory. In 1996, Mulliken was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This theory … Read more