Viruses

Taxonomy and Classification of Influenza B Virus (IBV) Key classification aspects: Lineages: Antigenic and genetic characteristics Host range Structure and Morphology of Influenza B Virus (IBV) Virion morphology Envelope and matrix Surface glycoproteins Hemagglutinin (HA): Neuraminidase (NA): Internal components Genome … Read more

Influenza A virus (IAV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented RNA virus causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics in humans, with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Taxonomy and Classification of Influenza A Virus (IAV) Classification features: Structure and Morphology of Influenza A Virus … Read more

Coxsackie B viruses (CVB1–CVB6) are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA enteroviruses that infect multiple organs (heart, pancreas, CNS, liver, pleura), causing both acute and chronic diseases. Taxonomy and Classification of Coxsackie B virus (CBV) Key taxonomic points: Structure and Morphology of Coxsackie … Read more

Coxsackie A viruses (CAVs) are members of the Enterovirus A species in the Picornaviridae family, causing a spectrum from mild mucocutaneous disease to severe neurologic and systemic illness, especially in infants and young children. Taxonomy and Classification of Coxsackie A virus … Read more

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV, historically BKV) is a ubiquitous human Betapolyomavirus with seroprevalence >80–90% in adults. Primary infection usually occurs in childhood, is asymptomatic or causes mild respiratory-like illness, and is followed by lifelong latency, particularly in renal tubular epithelial and uroepithelial cells.  In … Read more

Orthopoxviruses are large DNA viruses of major historical and current public-health importance, exemplified by variola virus (smallpox), vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and, most recently, mpox (monkeypox) virus. The 2022–2025 global mpox outbreaks have renewed interest in orthopoxvirus biology, pathogenesis, and … Read more

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of the common cold but also play major roles in severe respiratory disease and asthma exacerbations, especially in children and high-risk adults. HRVs also serve as important models for enterovirus biology and for … Read more

Poliovirus remains a key model in virology and vaccinology and a continuing target of global eradication efforts. Poliovirus is also a prototype for understanding RNA virus evolution, mucosal immunity, and the challenges of vaccine-driven eradication in the context of live, … Read more

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a neurotropic alpha herpesvirus and the leading viral cause of recurrent genital ulcer disease worldwide. Infection is lifelong, with alternating periods of lytic replication in the genital mucosa and latency in the sacral … Read more