Kabita Sharma 
Birch reduction is a reduction reaction that converts aromatic compounds to dienes. The reaction is carried out in the presence of alcohol by sodium or potassium metal dissolved in liquid ammonia. Australian scientist Arthur Birch initially published the Birch Reduction during World War … Read more
The carbylamine reaction, commonly called Hofmann’s isocyanide test, is a chemical test used to identify primary amines. This reaction involves the reaction of primary amine with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform to form isocyanide. What is the carbylamine reaction? When aromatic and aliphatic … Read more
Hoffmann bromamide reaction involves the conversion of an amide into a primary amine with one carbon less, by the reaction of amide with bromine in an aqueous NaOH. August Wilhelm Von Hoffmann described Hoffmann’s bromamide degradation process. It is also known … Read more
Woodward hydroxylation reaction involves the synthesis of syn-diols or cis-diols from alkenes by hydroxylation. A modified version of the Prevost hydroxylation process, the Woodward hydroxylation reaction includes treating alkenes with iodine and silver acetate in the presence of water to … Read more
The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic process that involves the reaction between a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide) and an organohalide to produce ether. Alexander Williamson invented this reaction in 1850. Typically, it entails an SN2 reaction between an alkoxide ion and … Read more
Penicillin is a kind of antibiotic that is often used to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. Due to the presence of a beta-lactam ring in their structure, these medications are also known as beta-lactam antibiotics. In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, a … Read more
The term “wastewater” refers to any body of water whose quality has been diminished as a result of human activity. Wastewater is made up of both liquid and solid waste that is discharged from residential and commercial properties, industrial operations, … Read more
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of how much oxygen can be utilized by reactions in a given volume of a solution. Common units of measurement include milligrams per liter (mg/L), which stands for milligrams of oxygen consumed per … Read more
The amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other microorganisms to break down organic matter in an aerobic environment is known as the biochemical oxygen demand. Although it is commonly employed as a measure of water’s organic quality, it should … Read more