Jyoti Bashyal 
Beakers are basic cylindrical containers with flat bottoms and a pouring lip. They come in a variety of sizes and materials. In the lab, beakers are used to stir, mix, measure, and heat liquids. Beakers come in a variety of … Read more
Plutonium, which belongs to the actinide class of the Periodic Table, has an atomic number of 94. The symbol “Pu” is used to represent it. The metal appears silvery initially, but when it oxidizes slightly, it tarnishes yellow. It is … Read more
Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter, understood in terms of atoms, atomic particles and the way they are arranged and link together. It is concerned with the synthesis, formulation, analysis and characteristic properties … Read more
The lanthanoid series comprises 14 elements, ranging from cerium to lutetium, and is commonly referred to as f-block metals due to the presence of 4f orbitals in their valence shell. These elements, named after lanthanum (La), which is itself a … Read more
An E1 mechanism reaction, also known as unimolecular elimination, mirrors the SN1 reaction and stands in contrast to electrophilic addition. Typically a two-step process, it commonly involves tertiary alkyl halides, though select secondary ones may also participate. E1 elimination occurs … Read more
ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, and Toxicity) studies, is an essential component of drug discovery and development. It is estimated that nearly half of medication candidates fail due to inadequate efficacy, and that up to 40% of drug candidates have … Read more
Pharmacokinetics, which is the process by which medications enter, pass through, and exit the body. Pharmacokinetics is derived from the ancient Greek terms “pharmakon” and “kinetikos,” which mean “drug” and “putting into motion,” respectively. It is one of the major … Read more
A conical flask, commonly known as an Erlenmeyer flask, is a type of laboratory plasticware used for mixing, stirring, and heating tiny volumes of liquid samples. It features a cylindrical shape with a flat bottom and a conical neck. Conical … Read more
Fluorescence spectrophotometry is a set of techniques for measuring the fluorescence produced by substances when subjected to ultraviolet, visible, or other electromagnetic radiation. When a sample is illuminated with a xenon flash lamp, a fluorescence spectrophotometer—also known as a fluorometer, … Read more