Types of Isomers

Types of isomers

There are two main types of isomers: structural isomers and stereoisomers. Isomers are structures that share the same molecular formula and chemical composition but have distinct atomic arrangements in space. Introduction to Isomer Isomers are chemical compounds that have the … Read more

Beckmann Rearrangement Reaction: Definition, Mechanism

Beckmann Rearrangement Reaction

The Beckmann rearrangement reaction, named after the German scientist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is an acid-catalyzed conversion of an oxime to an amide. In the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and natural compounds, the Beckmann rearrangement is a sophisticated transformation that is … Read more

Bond Breaking and Bond Formation

Bond Breaking and Bond Formation

Introduction to Bond Breaking and Bond Formation Chemical reactions include the conversion of one or more chemicals into others. During a chemical reaction, atom bonds are broken and new bonds are established to form new molecules. This is known as … Read more

Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride: Molten and Aqueous

Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Molten and Aqueous

Introduction to Electrolysis Electrolysis is the process of breaking down a chemical complex into its component parts or other compounds by exposing it to an electric current Electrolysis is made up of the phrases “electro” (electricity or electrons) and “lysis” … Read more

Empirical Formula: Definition, Calculation

Empirical Formula

The simplest formula of a compound, which represents the whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in a compound or a class of compounds, is called the empirical formula. The proportion of distinct elements in a series of … Read more

Friedel-Crafts Reaction: Mechanism, Applications, Limitations

Friedel-Crafts reaction

Friedel-Crafts reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This well-known reaction was invented by two scientists, French Charles Friedel and American James Crafts. In the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aromatic molecule undergoes an electrophilic substitution. In this reaction process, electrophile replaces the hydrogen … Read more

16-Spectroscopic Techniques: Principle, Applications

Spectroscopic techniques

Spectroscopic techniques use light to interact with matter, probing certain aspects of a sample to learn about its consistency or structure. Light is electromagnetic radiation, a phenomenon with varying energies that can be used to examine various molecular properties. The … Read more