Kabita Sharma 
Defects in the crystal structure are imperfections in the crystalline solids’ regular geometrical arrangement of atoms. Temperature, pressure, impurities, and crystal formation conditions influence the size of the crystal and its perfection. As a crystal grows, various defects may appear. … Read more
Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from the nuclei of leukocytes from discarded surgical bandages and named it nuclein. Nuclein was later discovered to be a combination of basic protein and phosphorous-containing organic acid, now known as nucleic acid. Nucleic … Read more
Enzymes are biocatalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the overall process. They consist of hundreds and thousands of amino acids liked together in a specific order. So, enzymes are proteins made up … Read more
The reduction reactions involve the formation of bonds between organic compounds and hydrogen by removing unsaturated bonds or bonds to other heteroatoms. Some reduction reactions are as follows: Clemmensen reduction Aldehyde or ketone reacts with Zn-Hg in the presence of conc. … Read more
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are a type of reaction in which one nucleophile attacks a positively charged electrophile to replace another nucleophile. This reaction takes place by the attack of the nucleophile on the electron-deficient center of the substrate to form … Read more
Phosphonitrilic compounds (Phosphazene) are compounds containing a P-N backbone with two substituents on each P atom. Phosphazene is a cyclic and acyclic polymer of phosphorous and nitrogen consisting of a -N=P- units containing P and N atoms with two substituents … Read more
Inorganic polymers are polymers whose backbone structure is made up of elements other than carbon. They are polymers with inorganic repeating units in their main polymeric structure. They have distinctive Physico-chemical characteristics and unique physical, mechanical and electrical properties. Their … Read more
Krebs cycle is the most common route for the complete oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Krebs cycle was discovered by H.A. Kreb, who received the Nobel prize in 1953. The Krebs cycle is also known as the TCA cycle … Read more
Urea is the primary form of waste product of amino groups derived from amino acids. Urea is made up of ammonia, CO2, and aspartate in a cyclic pathway referred to as Urea Cycle. The urea cycle was discovered by Kreb … Read more