Plasmids: Definition, Types, Properties, Functions, Applications

Plasmids

J. Lederberg invented the term plasmids. Plasmids are independent self-replicating DNA molecules that exist as separate, extrachromosomal genetic components in bacteria. They are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. Plasmids are replicons. Replicons are self-replicating nucleic acid molecules. Natural plasmids have … Read more

Colligative Properties: 4 Important Types, Examples

Colligative Properties

A colligative property is an important concept in chemistry. The term “colligative” was derived from the Latin word “colligatus,” which means “bound together.” Colligative properties explain how the properties of a solution are related to the concentration of a solute in the … Read more

Osmosis- Importance in Chemistry, Biology

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area. Osmosis happens across the cellular membrane to protect a cell from becoming flaccid (not enough water) or turgid (too much water). What … Read more

Racemic modification: Definition, Preparation, Examples

Racemic modification

Racemic modification is the mixture of two enantiomers, substances with mirror-image orĀ dissymmetric chemical structures in equal amounts. RacemicĀ modification refers to the equimolar mixtureĀ of two enantiomers. It is also known as recemic mixture or racemate. Each enantiomer rotates the plane of … Read more

Four Different Projections of Organic Compounds

Projections of organic compounds

The three-dimensional structures of organic compounds can be represented by different projections. Common Projections of organic compounds include Fischer projection, Sawhorse projection, and Newman projection. Flying Wedge or Wedge Dash projections of organic compounds The Flying-Wedge Projection is the most … Read more