Pericyclic Reactions- Characteristics, Theories, Types

Pericyclic Reactions- Diels-Alder’s reaction

Pericyclic reactions are concentrated reactions that proceed through the cyclic transition state. It requires light or heat and is highly stereospecific. Pericyclic reactions involve the cyclic rearrangement of π or σ electrons in a single concerted step. Since the electronic … Read more

Titrimetric Analysis- Terms, Types, Principle, Advantages

Acid-Base titration

The titrimetric analysis is an analytical method involving measuring the volume of a reagent reacting stoichiometrically with the analyte. The volumetric analysis measures the volume of the solution of known concentration required to react completely with the analyte. The volumetric … Read more

Crystals Defects- Causes, Types, Factors, Importance

Crystals Defects- Causes, Types, Factors, Importance

Defects in the crystal structure are imperfections in the crystalline solids’ regular geometrical arrangement of atoms. Temperature, pressure, impurities, and crystal formation conditions influence the size of the crystal and its perfection. As a crystal grows, various defects may appear. … Read more

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Third Law of Thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with how systems behave as they approach absolute zero. It describes the relationship between heat and entropy at the absolute lowest temperature for crystals, which are defined as any solid material composed of … Read more

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system or any cyclic process never decreases; it either increases or remains constant. As a result, the second law establishes a definite direction in which time must progress … Read more

Nucleic Acids- Definition, Types, Components, Functions

Nucleic Acid

Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from the nuclei of leukocytes from discarded surgical bandages and named it nuclein. Nuclein was later discovered to be a combination of basic protein and phosphorous-containing organic acid, now known as nucleic acid. Nucleic … Read more

Reduction reactions with their definition and mechanism

Reduction reactions with their definition and mechanism

The reduction reactions involve the formation of bonds between organic compounds and hydrogen by removing unsaturated bonds or bonds to other heteroatoms. Some reduction reactions are as follows: Clemmensen reduction Aldehyde or ketone reacts with Zn-Hg in the presence of conc. … Read more