Jyoti Bashyal 
Copper is an element with the chemical symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Copper, which is classified as a transition metal, is solid at ambient temperature. Copper is a soft, malleable metal that conducts electricity and heats exceptionally well. Pure … Read more
Ionic compounds go through ionic polarization when the oppositely charged ions move in opposite directions because of the electric field. This gives the compound a net dipole moment. The ions move because the lattice is vibrating. The relative movement of … Read more
A Born-Haber cycle is often used to analyze the energy breakdown of the process by which an ionic compound is formed from its constituent components. A Born-Haber cycle is a specific application of Hess’s Law for ionic compounds. It lets us … Read more
Lattice energy is the term used to describe the type of energy that is released whenever ions with opposing charges join together to create a crystalline lattice. In order to describe the stability of ionic solids, the concept of Lattice … Read more
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is an experimental method for determining the atomic and molecular electron energies. The photon, the fundamental component of light, may be used in a technique called photoelectron spectroscopy to learn more about the characteristics of various substances. … Read more
Fluorine (F) is the heaviest of the halogen elements (Group 17; Group VIIa) and the chemical element with the highest reactivity. Even the noble gases krypton, xenon, and radon can combine with fluorine to produce compounds. Glass, metals, and even … Read more
A type of addition reaction called the Kolbe reaction is named after Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt. It is also known as the Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction or Carboxylation reaction. The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction involves the utilization of carbon dioxide gas, a base, and acid … Read more
Valence electrons are electrons that exist at the highest energy level of an atom, which is often the outermost level. These electrons are the ones that take part in the bonding process. There is a specific number of electrons in each neutral … Read more
Oxygen has helped us understand how life on Earth has evolved by offering crucial hints about geological processes. The non-metallic oxygen atom, which is located in group 16 and period 2 of the periodic table, is unusually reactive and forms … Read more