Jyoti Bashyal 
Elements undergo chemical reactions to acquire a full outer shell of electrons, which will lead to a more stable energy state. This is accomplished through chemical bonding in which old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Thermal energy is … Read more
To understand the matter, one can employ the kinetic particle theory. And virtually everything around us is made of matter. All matter is composed of numerous tiny particles that move randomly all the time. The matter is a substance that … Read more
Hydrogen, with the chemical symbol H, is the first element we encounter in the periodic table of elements. It is the first and most fundamental element in the universe. Moreover, hydrogen makes up 90% of all atoms in the universe and … Read more
One of the most important topics in general chemistry is stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows us to calculate the amounts of reactants and products using balanced chemical equations. In general, all reactions are determined by … Read more
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are the fundamental building blocks of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology heavily relies on carbon, which has an atomic number of six. While researching the graphite electrode surface used in electric arc discharge, Iijima unintentionally discovered them. This unintentional discovery … Read more
The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with how systems behave as they approach absolute zero. It describes the relationship between heat and entropy at the absolute lowest temperature for crystals, which are defined as any solid material composed of … Read more
According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system or any cyclic process never decreases; it either increases or remains constant. As a result, the second law establishes a definite direction in which time must progress … Read more
The first law of thermodynamics is one of the three fundamental laws of thermodynamics. It is derived from energy conservation but stated in a different and more useful manner for thermodynamics to include systems where heat transfer and work are … Read more
Sulfur is multivalent non-metal, abundant, and odorless. Pure sulfur is a tasteless, odorless, brittle, pale yellow solid that is a poor conductor of electricity and insoluble in water. It can be found in nature as a pure element or as … Read more