Kabita Sharma 
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of how much oxygen can be utilized by reactions in a given volume of a solution. Common units of measurement include milligrams per liter (mg/L), which stands for milligrams of oxygen consumed per … Read more
The amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other microorganisms to break down organic matter in an aerobic environment is known as the biochemical oxygen demand. Although it is commonly employed as a measure of water’s organic quality, it should … Read more
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly sensitive separation technique that has been primarily developed based on the concept of high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and electrophoretic methods. The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) has proven to be advantageous in the … Read more
Chromatography is a technique for separating a mixture of components into their constituents by distributing them in equilibrium between two phases, the stationary phase, and the mobile phase. The basis for the chromatography method is the variation in the rate at which … Read more
Nanosensors are devices with a characteristic dimension of just a few nanometers, they function similarly to regular sensors in that they detect minute quantities and transform them into signals that must be analyzed. Materials with nanoscale sizes have lately emerged as … Read more
Ion chromatography (IC) is a separation technique that exhibits several similarities with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, IC also possesses distinct characteristics, such as its principle of separation and modes of detection, which allow its independent investigation. Ion chromatography (IC) … Read more
The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is an analytical instrument that employs X-ray technology to perform routine and minimally invasive chemical analyses of various geological materials such as rocks, minerals, sediments, and fluids. The operational principles of this system are based … Read more
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) utilizes a mobile phase consisting of fluid in the supercritical state. As a result of this phenomenon, there are enhancements observed in the isolation of thermolabile compounds, as well as in the separation of compounds with … Read more
Potentiometry is an electrochemical method that measures the electrical potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution to be analyzed. The necessary equipment for potentiometry consists of a potential measurement instrument, a reference electrode, and an indication electrode. Techniques known … Read more